dependent on type ls list files directories 210706

ls

list directory contents

BSD options. linux options
ls [-ABCFGHLPRTWZabcdefghiklmnopqrstuwx1] [arg …]

-- terminates options, useful when filenames begin with a -

For a file: display its name and attributes.
For a directory: displays the files in that directory and attributes.
use -d to display attributes of the directory.

If no operands are given, the contents of the current directory are displayed.
If more than one operand is given (or implied with shell pattern match),

non-directory operands are displayed first;
directory and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in lexicographical order.

-l long format. If the output is to a terminal, total bbbbbb sum of file blocks is output on a line before each directory

total 108 -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 12608 Apr 29 2008 RptTable.html drwxr-xr-x 2 dennis staff 4096 Sep 21 11:31 archve -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 1582 Jun 8 2008 bcols.js -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 1030 Jun 20 2007 birdRpt.080410.sed -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 3123 Apr 29 2008 birdRpt.sed -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 8676 Nov 15 2007 birdRptTable.html -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 1130 Jun 12 2008 fixRpt.sed -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 1461 Sep 12 09:23 freq.sql -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 167 Mar 1 2007 index.html -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 3148 Jan 23 2008 index.shtml -rwxr-xr-x 1 dennis staff 2494 Sep 14 20:16 makeRpt.sh -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 2369 Jun 26 2008 rpt.0807001.sql -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 5212 Sep 3 2008 rpt.sql -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 1211 Oct 9 2007 rptFix.080410.sed -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 15335 Nov 2 10:24 rptRows.html -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 21 Oct 9 2007 tableBot.html -rw-r--r-- 1 dennis staff 640 Jun 12 2008 tableTop.html drwxr-xr-x 2 dennis staff 4096 Apr 30 2008 tmp

-C multi-Column output with entries sorted down the columns.
Sorted: Numeric then UPPER CASE before lowercase, down first column, then second column ( see -x)
Width of columns based on longest filename (not per column).
Default when output is to a terminal but not if piped (| ) for example to more, head ….
> ls -C ↓ 0test.txt RptTable.html birdRpt.080410.sed fixRpt.sed index.shtml rpt.sql ↓ archve birdRpt.sed freq.sql makeRpt.sh rptFix.080410.sed ↓ bcols.js birdRptTable.html index.html rpt.0807001.sql rptRows.html
-x multi-column output with entries sorted across
> ls -x → → → RptTable.html archve bcols.js birdRpt.080410.sed birdRpt.sed birdRptTable.html fixRpt.sed freq.sql index.html index.shtml makeRpt.sh rpt.0807001.sql rpt.sql rptFix.080410.sed rptRows.html tableBot.html tableTop.html tmp

-a all files (include normally hidden files begining with dot (.)(usually configuration files for applications that are uninteresting (?))
> /bin/ls -a . .bashrc fixRpt.sed makeRpt.sh rptRows.html .. birdRpt.080410.sed freq.sql rpt.0807001.sql tableBot.html RptTable.html birdRpt.sed index.html rpt.sql tableTop.html archve birdRptTable.html index.shtml rptFix.080410.sed tmp

-A List Almost all entries except for . and .. current and parent (set for the super-user.)
> /bin/ls -A RptTable.html birdRpt.080410.sed fixRpt.sed index.shtml rpt.sql tableBot.html archve birdRpt.sed freq.sql makeRpt.sh rptFix.080410.sed tableTop.html .bashrc birdRptTable.html index.html rpt.0807001.sql rptRows.html tmp

-1 one entry per line. default when output is not to a terminal.
RptTable.html archve bcols.js birdRpt.080410.sed birdRpt.sed birdRptTable.html fixRpt.sed freq.sql index.html index.shtml makeRpt.sh rpt.0807001.sql rpt.sql rptFix.080410.sed rptRows.html tableBot.html tableTop.html tmp

-m Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.

RptTable.html, archve, bcols.js, birdRpt.080410.sed, birdRpt.sed, birdRptTable.html, fixRpt.sed, freq.sql, index.html, index.shtml, makeRpt.sh, rpt.0807001.sql, rpt.sql, rptFix.080410.sed, rptRows.html, tableBot.html, tableTop.html, tmp

-p display / after directories
-F include suffixes

/ directories,
* executables,
+ extended security information
(Use -@ to display that information)
@ symbolic link
(Use -@ to display that information)

= socket
% whiteout
| FIFO

-G colorize filename dependent on type. $CLICOLOR

options effecting output sorting
-f not sorted.
-S Size
-t time modified before sorting by lexicographical order.

-c time of last status change
-u time of last access
If file system is mounted with noatime access times are not updated.

-r reverse the order of the sort to get reverse lexicographical order or
the oldest entries first or smallest files first

-T^ with -l , time always includes hour, minute, second, and year.
Without -T recent files show Mon Day hh:mm; older than 6 months show Mon Day Year.
drwx------+ 59 2006 Dec 7 15:18:01 2008 Downloads drwxr-xr-x 2 68 Dec 7 12:06:31 2008 EasyFind -rwxr----- 1 262 Sep 17 01:00:00 2007 FTPtest.bat -rwxr----- 1 67 Sep 17 01:00:00 2007 FTPtest.cmd

-e extend to include Access Control List (ACL) info.
-O long output. dash is displayed if no "special" flags are set.(hidden, arch, compressed, uchg, schg, append, archived, nodump, opaque, uunlink (chflg)
-rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff - 527 Dec 31 2020 AndroidPhone.txt drwx------ 11 dgerman staff - 352 Jul 3 12:14 Applications/ drwx--x--x 43 dgerman admin - 1376 Oct 9 23:14 Desktop/ drwx--x--x 92 dgerman staff - 2944 Oct 8 16:40 Documents/ drwx--x--x 453 dgerman staff - 14496 Oct 9 23:18 Downloads/ -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff - 256 Sep 14 13:37 FICRUICR.bin -rwx------ 1 dgerman staff uchg 26054 May 11 2007 HALmsg4u.wav* -r-xr-xr-x 3 dgerman staff - 300 May 26 2020 LANspeedTest.txt* -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff - 12682 Jun 21 13:30 LG43UP8000PUA.txt

-o display owner (supressing group)
-g group name (supressing owner) in the long format output.
-n numeric userID and groupID
-i inode number

-k size in kilobytes, not blocks,
overrides $BLOCKSIZE. Many profiles set $BLOCKSIZE = 1k
-h human ? sizes. With -l , use unit suffixes: Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte and Petabyte reducing the number of digits to three (n.m) or less (causes size not to be like a bar graph, i.e. big files have many digits)
-rw-r----- 1 dgerman staff 354B Jul 23 2013 crontab.130723 -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff 3.1K Nov 11 2008 ct -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff 3.4K Sep 16 2010 cv-100908.csv -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff 15K Oct 2 2010 cv-100916.ods
-rw-r----- 1 dgerman staff 354 Jul 23 2013 crontab.130723 -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff 3201 Nov 11 2008 ct -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff 3526 Sep 16 2010 cv-100908.csv -rw-r--r-- 1 dgerman staff 15016 Oct 2 2010 cv-100916.ods

-s size in blocks, important for sparse files for which ls -l reports incorrect count
If the output is to a terminal, total bbbbbb sum of file blocks is output on a line before each directory

-R Recursively list subdirectories
-d Directories not searched recursively.

options affecting symbolic link display

-H Symbolic links on the command line are followed. Assumed if none of -F, -d, or -l are specified.
-L If argument is a symbolic link, list the references rather than the link itself. This option cancels -P .
-P If argument is a symbolic link, list the link

-q display non-graphic characters in file names as ?. default when output is to a terminal.
-w raw display i of non-printable characters. default when output is not to a terminal.
-v unedited displaying of non-graphic characters; this is the default when output is not to a terminal.
-B Binary filenames ; display non-displayable characters in file names as \xxx, where xxx is the numeric value of the character in octal.
-W Display whiteouts when scanning directories.

Column formats: -1^†, -C, -x, and -l override each other; the last one specified is used.
Sort time choices: -c(change) and -u(access) override each other; the last one specified isused.
Filename display : -b As -B, but use C escape codes whenever possible.
-B, -b, -w, and -q override each other; the last one specified determines the format used for non-displayable characters.
Symbolic Links: -H, -L and-P override each other (either partially or fully); they are applied in the order specified.

Default, one entry per line to standard output; to terminals or with -C or -x (multi column formats.)

File information is displayed with blanks separating the information associated with the -i, -s, and -l options.

The Long Format

-l displays :
type, mode, number of links, owner, group, number of bytes in the file, month, day-of-month, hour, minute file last modified, and the pathname.

If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months ago, the year is displayed instead of the hour and minutes (see -T).

If the owner or group names are not known (example they have been deleted), or with -n numeric ID's are displayed.

For character special or block special files the major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed in the size field.

For symbolic links a -> and the pathname of the linked-to file is displayed

The type character describes the type of file :

- Regular file.
d Directory.
l Symbolic link.
b Block special file.
c Character special file.
s Socket link.
p FIFO.

The mode, aka permssion flags, are three fields of three characters each (ex: rwxrwxr-x ) :

fields: user whos owns the file , group members , and others.

Each field has three character positions:

r the file is readable; - not readable.
w the file is writable; - not writable.
The first of the following that applies:
- S the file is not executable
  - in the owner permissions set-user-ID mode is set.
  - in the group permissions set-group-ID mode is set.
- s the file is executable
  - in the owner permissions set-user-ID mode is set.
  - If in the group permissions set-group-ID mode is set.
- x file is executable or directory is searchable.
- - file is neither readable, writable, executable, nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
  These next two apply only to the third character in the last field (other permissions).
- T sticky bit is set (mode 1000), but not execute or search permission.
- t sticky bit is set (mode 1000), and is searchable or executable. (See chmod or sticky for more details)
- + the file or directory has Access Control List attributes. (See chmod ACL
- @ the file or directory has extended attributes xattr.( on Apple Mac, Darwin BSD chmod) may have beed saved from an email attachment by Thunderbird.
```
ls -l@

drwxr-xr-x@ 12 dgerman  staff     408 Oct  8 12:14 morse

    com.apple.quarantine        46 
```
  This can one extended attribute be deleted using xattr
```
xattr -d com.apple.quarantine  morse  
OR
xattr -c file # clear all
```

total nnnnnn number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is displayed on a line by itself before the files.
Examples
Sort by size (and shows why ls does not need a separate option for this):

ls -l | sort -n +4

-r reverse sort order.

exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

ENVIRONMENT variables

$BLOCKSIZE

default is 512 although frequently set to 1K in .profile.

$CLICOLOR Use ANSI color sequences to distinguish file types. See LSCOLORS.
In addition to the file types mentioned in -F^†, extra attributes (setuid etc.) are displayed.
See termcap(5). in an xterm, $TERM may be set to xterm‑color. Other terminal types may require similar adjustments.
Disabled if the output isn't directed to a terminal unless $CLICOLOR_FORCE is defined.

$CLICOLOR_FORCE

if set, color sequences are output even if not directed to a terminal.

$LSCOLORS

colors used when enabled with CLICOLOR.
String of pairs of the format fb, where f is the foreground color and b is the background.

`a` black	`b` red	`c` green	`d` brown
`e` blue	`f` magenta	`g` cyan	`h` light grey
`A` bold black	`B` bold red	`C` bold green	`D` bold brown, usually shows up as yellow
`E` bold blue	`F` bold magenta	`G` bold cyan	`H` bold light grey; looks like bright white
`x` default foreground or background

The order of the attributes :
dir, symlink, socket, pipe, executable, block serial, character special, executable+SUID, executable+GUID, executabl+sticky+w=others, directory+w=others

Default "exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad",
i.e. blue foreground and default background for regular directories, magenta for symLinks, green for sockets, …black on red for setuid executables, etc.

$TERM

$CLICOLOR

depends on a terminal type with color capabilities.

$COLUMNS

column width for displaying multiple-text-column output.

$LS_COLWIDTHS

colon-delimited list of minimum column widths.
inode, block count, links, uname, group, flags, size, name.

example: LS_COLWIDTHS='10:4:4:7:5:12:6:40'
For the particlar set of files, Unreasonable and insufficient widths are ignored, i.e. ls -l 0* may adhear to olumn widths but ls -l may use other widths!

 >LS_COLWIDTHS='10:4:4:7:5:12:6:40'
 >/bin/ls -l 0*
-rw-r--r--     1 dgerman  staff     721 May 22 17:01 0
-rw-r--r--@    1 dgerman  staff    4534 Apr 24 11:05 0.html
-rw-r--r--     1 dgerman  staff    5067 May 22 17:01 00
-rw-r--r--     1 dgerman  staff    1800 Apr 27 15:47 09
-rwxr-xr-x     1 dgerman  staff   29230 Aug 28  2017 0finderDefaults.txt
-rw-r--r--     1 dgerman  staff   18694 Mar 28 13:50 0fud
-rw-r--r--     1 dgerman  staff     721 May 22 17:02 0s
 > /bin/ls -l    # notice wider size column neeed by 7 digit size of jpg file
-rw-r--r--     1 dgerman  staff      721 May 22 17:01 0
-rw-r--r--@    1 dgerman  staff     4534 Apr 24 11:05 0.html
drwxrwxr-x    16 dgerman  staff      544 Oct  8  2016 Homebrew1
-rwxr-xr-x@    1 dgerman  staff  1185182 Feb 17 16:43 IMG_3550-X5.jpg



> LS_COLWIDTHS='10:4:4:7:5:12:6:30'
> ls
--stop_rm_star*             Birdlog.addrs*                  UPSs.html*                      phoneNumbers.txt
1                           DGGNJdl.jpg*                    biggiesOpenS.txt*               profilesave*
1.html                      DGG_USpp503-925-913.jpg*        bin@                            sayWords*

> LS_COLWIDTHS='10:4:4:7:5:12:6:35'
> ls
--stop_rm_star*                         Desktop/                                lib-functions*
1                                       Documents/                              livehosts*
1.html                                  Downloads/                              log/

> LS_COLWIDTHS='10:4:4:7:5:12:6:40'
> ls
1                                               UPSs.html*
1.html                                          biggiesOpenS.txt*
11                                              bin@
11.html*                                        bsa.log
11s                                             defaults.180525.txt

Zero signifies a dynamically sized ).

$LANG

The locale to use when determining the order of day and month in the long -l format output. See environ .

$TZ timezone to use when displaying dates. See environ

See

stat, chflags, chmod, sort, xterm, compat, termcap, symlink, sticky

May 19, 2002 BSD