route - manipulate network routing tables
BSD
route [-dnqtv] command [[modifiers] args]
route [-n] command [-net | -host] destination gateway [netmask]
-n numeric address, i.e. do not display names, helpful with DNS problems
Display Routing tables mac os
05/12/20/usr/sbin/netstat -r
Routing tables
Internet:
Destination Gateway Flags Netif Expire
default germansfios_g1100. UGSc en0
127 localhost UCS lo0
localhost localhost UH lo0
169.254 link#5 UCS en0 !
192.168.1 link#5 UCS en0 !
192.168.1.1/32 link#5 UCS en0 !
germansfios_g1100. 20:c0:47:c2:a8:a3 UHLWIir en0 1181
hpc658ca.germans 10:60:4b:c6:58:ca UHLWI en0 1091
slammerfox.germans 50:3e:aa:d:46:e9 UHLWIi en0 1143
192.168.1.11 a8:10:87:18:67:37 UHLWI en0 1091
dapi2.germans b8:27:eb:f0:ae:8 UHLWI en0 1096
kitchen.germans 70:85:c2:63:1f:bf UHLWI en0 1199
pi93graf.germans b8:27:eb:1c:5b:93 UHLWI en0 1096
tesla_model_s.germ 4:4e:af:ac:8:e1 UHLWI en0 1097
denniss-iphone.ger f8:e9:4e:e2:89:16 UHLWI en0 1091
fing.germans f0:23:b9:eb:2b:88 UHLWI en0 1200
marilyns-iphone.ge d4:61:da:c1:83:df UHLWIi en0 1199
esp_2116b0.germans 84:f3:eb:21:16:b0 UHLWI en0 1091
damonitor2.germans b8:27:eb:6:73:4c UHLWI en0 1096
192.168.1.44/32 link#5 UCS en0 !
smacpro.germans 4c:32:75:97:3b:ad UHLWI lo0
192.168.1.61 b8:27:eb:f7:1d:5a UHLWI en0 1096
STB 0:1f:c4:ef:5d:f1 UHLWI en0 1091
224.0.0/4 link#5 UmCS en0 !
224.0.0.251 1:0:5e:0:0:fb UHmLWI en0
239.255.255.250 1:0:5e:7f:ff:fa UHmLWI en0
255.255.255.255/32 link#5 UCS en0 !
Internet6:
Destination Gateway Flags Netif Expire
default fe80::%utun0 UGcI utun0
default fe80::%utun1 UGcI utun1
localhost localhost UHL lo0
fe80::%lo0 smacpro.local UcI lo0
smacpro.local link#1 UHLI lo0
fe80::%en0 link#5 UCI en0
smacpro.local 4c:32:75:97:3b:ad UHLI lo0
hp10604bc658ca.loc 10:60:4b:c6:58:ca UHLWI en0
fe80::%awdl0 link#10 UCI awdl0
fe80::3041:98ff:fe 32:41:98:2d:fe:b0 UHLI lo0
fe80::%llw0 link#11 UCI llw0
fe80::3041:98ff:fe 32:41:98:2d:fe:b0 UHLI lo0
fe80::%utun0 smacpro.local UcI utun0
smacpro.local link#12 UHLI lo0
fe80::%utun1 smacpro.local UcI utun1
smacpro.local link#13 UHLI lo0
ff01::%lo0 localhost UmCI lo0
ff01::%en0 link#5 UmCI en0
ff01::%awdl0 link#10 UmCI awdl0
ff01::%llw0 link#11 UmCI llw0
ff01::%utun0 smacpro.local UmCI utun0
ff01::%utun1 smacpro.local UmCI utun1
ff02::%lo0 localhost UmCI lo0
ff02::%en0 link#5 UmCI en0
ff02::%awdl0 link#10 UmCI awdl0
ff02::%llw0 link#11 UmCI llw0
ff02::%utun0 smacpro.local UmCI utun0
ff02::%utun1 smacpro.local UmCI utun1
-d | debug mode, Do not modify the routing table.
|
-t test mode. use /dev/null instead of a socket.
| -n | numeric addresses only. No name lookups. Translating
from numerical to symbolic names is time consuming, and requires correct network operation.
This is especially useful when attempting to repair networking.
| -v verbose
| -q| quite Suppress all output.
| | | | |
root privilege required for commands in ths rendition.
Only the super-user may modify the routing tables.
commands:
get host | display the route for a destination.
route -n get 192.0.43.10 # ( example.com )
route to: 192.0.43.10
destination: default
mask: default
gateway: 192.168.1.1 (shows a gateway)
interface: en1
flags: <UP,GATEWAY,DONE,STATIC,PRCLONING>
recvpipe sendpipe ssthresh rtt,msec rttvar hopcount mtu expire
0 0 0 0 0 0 1500 0
|
monitor | report any changes to the routing information
base, routing lookup misses, or suspected network partitionings.
Sleeps wakes and checks,…
smacpro 5/12/20 ( as a set i.e. all timestams are the same. this repeates every 15 seconds)
got message of size 112 on Tue May 12 12:19:43 2020
RTM_IFINFO: iface status change: len 112, if# 5, flags:<UP,BROADCAST,b6,RUNNING,PPROMISC,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST>
timestamps removed
RTM_IFINFO: iface status change: len 112, if# 5, flags:<UP,BROADCAST,b6,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST>
RTM_IFINFO: iface status change: len 112, if# 12, flags:<UP,PTP,RUNNING,PPROMISC,MULTICAST>
RTM_IFINFO: iface status change: len 112, if# 12, flags:<UP,PTP,RUNNING,MULTICAST>
RTM_IFINFO: iface status change: len 112, if# 1, flags:<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,PPROMISC,MULTICAST>
RTM_IFINFO: iface status change: len 112, if# 1, flags:<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST>
RTM_IFINFO: iface status change: len 112, if# 9, flags:< †BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST>
got message of size 68 on Tue May 12 13:00:55 2020
RTM_DELMADDR: multicast group membership removed from iface: len 68,
sockaddrs:
1.0.5e.0.0.1 en0:4c.32.75.97.3b.ad 224.0.0.1
timestamps removed
RTM_DELETE: Delete Route: len 128, pid: 153, seq 72, errno 3, ifscope 1, ifref, flags:<UP,HOST,DONE,LLINFO,WASCLONED,LOCAL,IFSCOPE,IFREF>
locks: inits:
sockaddrs: <DST,GATEWAY>
192.168.1.46 4c.32.75.97.3b.ad
RTM_DELETE: Delete Route: len 128, pid: 153, seq 74, errno 0, ifscope 5, flags:<HOST,DONE,WASCLONED,BROADCAST,IFSCOPE,CONDEMNED>
locks: inits:
sockaddrs: <DST,GATEWAY>
192.168.1.255 ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff
RTM_DELETE: Delete Route: len 164, pid: 153, seq , errno 0, flags:<HOST,DONE,STATIC,b016,WASCLONED,CONDEMNED>
locks: inits:
sockaddrs: <DST,GATEWAY,IFP,IFA>
169.254.8.239 78.4f.43.50.8a.13 en0:4c.32.75.97.3b.ad 192.168.1.46
…
germansfios_g1100.germans 20.c0.47.c2.a8.a3 en0:4c.32.75.97.3b.ad 192.168.1.46
…
pycom 80.7d.3a.94.7b.7c en0:4c.32.75.97.3b.ad 192.168.1.46
… …
RTM_NEWADDR: address being added to iface: len 80, metric 0, flags:
sockaddrs:
255.255.255.0 en0:4c.32.75.97.3b.ad smacpro.germans 192.168.1.255
… …
add |
| flush [family] | Remove [all] routes.
address families -osi, -xns, -atalk, -inet6, or -inet modifiers, only routes
having destinations with addresses in the delineated family will be deleted.
| delete |
| change | Change aspects of a route (such as its gateway).
|
|
gateway is the next-hop intermediary via which packets should be routed.
Routes to a particular host may be distinguished from those to a network by interpreting the Internet address specified as the destination argument.
-net and -host force the destination.
If the destination has a local address part of INADDR_ANY (0.0.0.0), or
if the destination is the symbolic name of a network, then the route is assumed to be to a
network; otherwise, it is presumed to be a route to a host.
The destination could also be specified in the CIDR net/bits format.
examples:
| 128.32 | -host 128.0.0.32
|
| 128.32.130 | -host 128.32.0.130
|
| -net 128.32 | 128.32.0.0
|
| -net 128.32.130 | 128.32.130.0
|
| 192.168.64/20 | -net 192.168.64 -netmask 255.255.240.0
|
|
A destination default is a synonym for -net 0.0.0.0.
-interface the destination is directly reachable via an interface requiring no
intermediary system to act as a gateway.
gateway is the address of this host on the common network, indicating the interface to be used for transmission.
If the interface is point to point, the name of the interface
itself may be given, in which case the route remains valid even if the local or remote addresses change.
-xns, -osi, and -link specify that all subsequent
addresses are in the XNS, OSI, or AppleTalk address families, or are
specified as link-level addresses, and the names must be numeric.
-netmask is intended to achieve the effect of an
OSI ESIS redirect with the netmask option, or to manually add subnet
routes with netmasks different from that of the implied network interface
(as would otherwise be communicated using the OSPF or ISIS routing protocols). Specify additional address parameter (to be
interpreted as a network mask).
In the AF_INET case, the implicit network mask generated can be overridden by making sure this option follows the destination parameter.
For AF_INET6, -prefixlen is available instead of -mask
because non-continuous masks are not allowed in IPv6. For
example, -prefixlen 32 specifies network mask of
ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to be used.
The default value of prefixlen is 64 to get along with the aggregatable address.
0 is assumed if default is specified.
Flags
-cloning RTF_CLONING - generates a new route on use
-xresolve RTF_XRESOLVE - emit mesg on use (for external lookup)
-iface ~RTF_GATEWAY - destination is directly reachable
-static RTF_STATIC - manually added route
-nostatic ~RTF_STATIC - pretend route added by kernel or daemon
-reject RTF_REJECT - emit an ICMP unreachable when matched
-blackhole RTF_BLACKHOLE - silently discard pkts (during updates)
-proto1 RTF_PROTO1 - set protocol specific routing flag #1
-proto2 RTF_PROTO2 - set protocol specific routing flag #2
-llinfo RTF_LLINFO - validly translates proto addr to link addr
-rtt, -rttvar, -sendpipe, -recvpipe, -mtu,
-hopcount, -expire, and -ssthresh provide initial values to quantities
maintained in the routing entry by transport level protocols, such as TCP
or TP4. These may be individually locked by preceding it
locked by the -lock meta-modifier, or one can specify that all
ensuing metrics may be locked by the -lockrest meta-modifier.
In change or add where the destination and gateway are not sufficient
to specify the route (as in the ISO case where several interfaces
may have the same address), -ifp or -ifa may be used to
determine the interface or interface address.
-proxy specifies that the RTF_LLINFO routing table
entry is the published (proxy-only) ARP entry, as reported by arp.
All symbolic names specified for a destination or gateway are looked up
first as a host name using gethostbyname.
If this lookup fails, getnetbyname is then used to interpret the name as that of a network.
Route uses a routing socket and the new message types RTM_ADD,
RTM_DELETE, RTM_GET, and RTM_CHANGE.
Diagnostics
add [host | network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x
The specified route is being added to the tables. The values output are from the routing table
entry supplied in the ioctl(2) call.
If the gateway address used was not the primary address of the gateway (the first one returned by
gethostbyname(3)), the gateway address is output numerically as well as symbolically.
delete [ host | network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x As above, but when deleting an entry.
%s %s done When the flush command is specified, each routing table entry
deleted is indicated with a message of this form.
Network is unreachable An attempt to add a route failed because the
gateway listed was not on a directly-connected network. The next-hop
gateway must be given.
not in table A delete operation was attempted for an entry which wasn't present in the tables.
routing table overflow An add operation was attempted, but the system
was low on resources and was unable to allocate memory to create the new
entry.
gateway uses the same route A change operation resulted in a route whose
gateway uses the same route as the one being changed. The next-hop gateway should be reachable through a different route.
Exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
See netintro, arp, routed